You will present your term paper project to the class on March 13. You must follow these guidelines:
• Be approximately 5 minutes in length
• State the topic of the essay and briefly summarize their paper
• State what they have learned in this class (this could be a grammar point, etc.)
• Students may either use a power point presentation or use a 3X5 card on which they have written key points they wish to discuss. They may NOT use their term paper.
Wednesday, March 4, 2009
Peer-Review Sheet
Directions: Trade seats with your peer. Read your peer's draft completely one time before answering the questions below. Once you have read the draft. Answer these questions below your peer's draft. Once you have answered all of the questions, go over all of them with your partner.
1. What is the topic of this paper?
2. Is the thesis sentence in the first paragraph? If not, where is it? Write the thesis statement here.
3. Make specific suggestions about how the draft could be more clear. What would you want to know more about?
4. Does the reader need more details to support their statements? Be specific.
5. How does the final paragraph summarize the paper? Be specific.
6. What can readers learn from this paper?
1. What is the topic of this paper?
2. Is the thesis sentence in the first paragraph? If not, where is it? Write the thesis statement here.
3. Make specific suggestions about how the draft could be more clear. What would you want to know more about?
4. Does the reader need more details to support their statements? Be specific.
5. How does the final paragraph summarize the paper? Be specific.
6. What can readers learn from this paper?
Wednesday, February 25, 2009
Pronunciation Practice
Instructions: Repeat each sentence after the teacher.
01) The bandage was wound around the wound.
02) The farm was used to produce produce.
03) The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse.
04) We must polish the Polish furniture.
05) He could lead if he would get the lead out.
06) The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert.
07) Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present.
08) A bass was painted on the head of the bass drum.
09) When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes.
10) I did not object to the object.
11) The insurance was invalid for the invalid.
12) There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row.
13) They were too close to the door to close it.
14) The buck does funny things when the does are present.
15) A seamstress and a sewer fell down into a sewer line.
16) To help with planting, the farmer taught his sow to sow.
17) The wind was too strong to wind the sail.
18) Upon seeing the tear in the painting, I shed a tear.
19) I had to subject the subject to a series of tests.
20) How can I intimate this to my most intimate friend?
01) The bandage was wound around the wound.
02) The farm was used to produce produce.
03) The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse.
04) We must polish the Polish furniture.
05) He could lead if he would get the lead out.
06) The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert.
07) Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present.
08) A bass was painted on the head of the bass drum.
09) When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes.
10) I did not object to the object.
11) The insurance was invalid for the invalid.
12) There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row.
13) They were too close to the door to close it.
14) The buck does funny things when the does are present.
15) A seamstress and a sewer fell down into a sewer line.
16) To help with planting, the farmer taught his sow to sow.
17) The wind was too strong to wind the sail.
18) Upon seeing the tear in the painting, I shed a tear.
19) I had to subject the subject to a series of tests.
20) How can I intimate this to my most intimate friend?
Prepositions Reading
Instructions: With a partner, read the following passage out loud. Each partner should take turns reading sentences. Be sure to identify all of the prepositions! You might want to copy and paste it into a Word document and underline all of the prepositions you can find.
You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk). The professor can sit on the desk (when he's being informal) or behind the desk, and then his feet are under the desk or beneath the desk. He can stand beside the desk (meaning next to the desk), before the desk, between the desk and you, or even on the desk (if he's really strange). If he's clumsy, he can bump into the desk or try to walk through the desk (and stuff would fall off the desk). Passing his hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he often looks across the desk and speaks of the desk or concerning the desk as if there were nothing else like the desk. Because he thinks of nothing except the desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what's in the desk, what he paid for the desk, and if he could live without the desk. You can walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the desk, and even past the desk while he sits at the desk or leans against the desk.
All of this happens, of course, in time: during the class, before the class, until the class, throughout the class, after the class, etc. And the professor can sit there in a bad mood.
You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk). The professor can sit on the desk (when he's being informal) or behind the desk, and then his feet are under the desk or beneath the desk. He can stand beside the desk (meaning next to the desk), before the desk, between the desk and you, or even on the desk (if he's really strange). If he's clumsy, he can bump into the desk or try to walk through the desk (and stuff would fall off the desk). Passing his hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he often looks across the desk and speaks of the desk or concerning the desk as if there were nothing else like the desk. Because he thinks of nothing except the desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what's in the desk, what he paid for the desk, and if he could live without the desk. You can walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the desk, and even past the desk while he sits at the desk or leans against the desk.
All of this happens, of course, in time: during the class, before the class, until the class, throughout the class, after the class, etc. And the professor can sit there in a bad mood.
English Prepositions
Sources: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/594/01/
http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar.html
English Prepositions
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_prepositions for a list of English Prepositions. There are a lot! Click on each word to see the wikipedia page about each particular word.
Definition: Any member of a class of words found in many languages that are used before nouns or pronouns to form phrases functioning as modifiers of verbs, nouns or adjectives, and that typically express a spatial, temporal, or other relationship.
PREPOSITIONS FOR TIME:
• On is followed by noun phrases that show a specific calendar time:
o I will see you on Monday.
o The week begins on Sunday.
o He went there on the 15th of January.
• In is used with general periods of time including: parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons
o I’ll see you in the morning.
o He lived there in 1996.
o U.S. Independence Day is celebrated in July.
• At is used with time phrases and is followed by noun phrases that show a specific clock time. It is always used with noon, midnight, and with the time of day:
o My plane leaves at noon.
o The movie starts at 6 p.m.
o He stopped studying at midnight.
• Extended time uses: To express extended time, English uses the following prepositions: since, by, from – to, from—until, during, (with)in
o She has been gone since yesterday.
o I’m going to Paris for two weeks.
o The movie showed from August to October.
o The doctorations were up from spring until fall.
o I will watch TV during the evening.
o We must finish the project within a year.
• By is used to mean “no later than.”
o The meeting will start at 9, so please be here by 8:55.
o I expect to finish my report by Friday.
• Some General DO NOTs:
o Do not use in with specific clock or calendar times
o Do not use on with general clock or calendar times.
o Do not use at with calendar times
o Do not use at with most non-specific calendar times
PREPOSITIONS FOR PLACE:
• In is followed by noun phrases that show the meaning “inside” or “within” a place. The place can be small, specific, or general.
o What do you have in your hand?
o There is a wasp in the room.
• On is used to mean “on top of” or “on the surface of the place. It also refers to a location that is alongside the street.
o What’s the cat doing on the table?
o He lives on 79th Avenue, doesn’t he?
• At is used for exact addresses and general locations
o Her favorite flower shop is at 1423 Main Street.
o The conference will be at the hotel.
o He’s at the mall playing video games.
• Inside is used to indicate something contained
o Put the present inside the box.
• Over and above are used to describe an object higher than a point
o He threw the ball over the roof.
o Hang that picture above the couch.
• Under, underneath, beneath, and below are used to describe an object lower than a point.
o The rabbit burrowed under the ground.
o The child hid underneath the blanket.
o We relaxed in the shade beneath the branches.
o The valley is below sea-level.
• Near, by, next to, between, among, and opposite are used to describe an object being close to a point.
o She lives near the school.
o There is an ice cream shop by the store.
o An oak tree grows next to my house
o The house is between Elm Street and Maple Street
• Into and onto are used with verbs showing movement. They show both the direction and result of the movement.
o Bob dove into the lake
o He threw his keys onto the table.
• From and away are used to describe verbs that show movement with verbs that do not. From is also used with “non-movement” verbs to show origin or citizenship.
o Joe walked away from the store.
o Chris is from California.
• Some DO NOTS:
o Do not use in with exact addresses (addresses with house or building numbers)
o Do not use on with general locations that have boundaries
o Do not use at for addresses without house or building numbers.
o Do not use at for general locations that have boundaries.
PREPOSITIONS THAT INTRODUCE THE OBJECTS OF VERBS:
• At is used with verbs like glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, stare
o She took a quick glance at her reflection
o You didn’t laugh at his joke.
o Stop staring at me.
• Of is used with verbs like approve, consist, smell
o I don’t approve of his speech.
o He came home smelling of alcohol.
• Of (or about) is also used with verbs like dream, think.
o I dream of finishing college in four years.
o Can you think of a number between 1 and 10?
• For is used with verbs like call, hope, look, wait, watch, wish
o Did someone call for a taxi?
o I’m looking for my keys.
o If you wish for an A in this class, you must work hard.
PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION:
• To and toward are used with a verb to show movement. To usually shows the result of the movement. Toward shows the direction of the movement
o She walks to work every day.
o When I saw her, she was walking toward her office.
o We flew from New York to Paris.
• Onto and Into are compounds formed by adding to to in or to. Onto indicates movement toward a surface. Into indicates movement toward the interior of something. These compounds signify the completion of the action.
o The frog jumped onto the lilypad.
o She poured the milk into the glass.
• Onto can often be replaced by on. Some verbs will take either, and some will only take on.
o She jumped on(to) the mat.
o He fell on(to) the floor.
o The plane landed on the runway.
OTHER USES OF PREPOSITIONS:
• By can also be used when writing or talking about transportation. By + a singular count noun shows the manner of transportation: how someone or something moves from one place to another
o Heather goes to school by car.
o I plan to travel to Canada by plane.
o You can’t travel to an island by land.
• By is also used to show the method of doing something
o He paid for dinner by credit card.
o Do you normally pay your bills by check.
o Admission to the reception is by invitation only.
o Today, people like to keep in touch by email.
COMMON IDIOMS USING PREPOSITIONS
• Jump to it
• Cut to the chase
• Take something to heart
• Out of thin air
• Have a heart of gold
• A ray of sunshine
• Take something for granted
• Be a recipe for disaster
• Be in the market for something
Quiz 1: http://funeasyenglish.com/american-english-grammar-preposition.htm
Quiz 2: http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/preposition_quiz1.htm
http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar.html
English Prepositions
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_prepositions for a list of English Prepositions. There are a lot! Click on each word to see the wikipedia page about each particular word.
Definition: Any member of a class of words found in many languages that are used before nouns or pronouns to form phrases functioning as modifiers of verbs, nouns or adjectives, and that typically express a spatial, temporal, or other relationship.
PREPOSITIONS FOR TIME:
• On is followed by noun phrases that show a specific calendar time:
o I will see you on Monday.
o The week begins on Sunday.
o He went there on the 15th of January.
• In is used with general periods of time including: parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons
o I’ll see you in the morning.
o He lived there in 1996.
o U.S. Independence Day is celebrated in July.
• At is used with time phrases and is followed by noun phrases that show a specific clock time. It is always used with noon, midnight, and with the time of day:
o My plane leaves at noon.
o The movie starts at 6 p.m.
o He stopped studying at midnight.
• Extended time uses: To express extended time, English uses the following prepositions: since, by, from – to, from—until, during, (with)in
o She has been gone since yesterday.
o I’m going to Paris for two weeks.
o The movie showed from August to October.
o The doctorations were up from spring until fall.
o I will watch TV during the evening.
o We must finish the project within a year.
• By is used to mean “no later than.”
o The meeting will start at 9, so please be here by 8:55.
o I expect to finish my report by Friday.
• Some General DO NOTs:
o Do not use in with specific clock or calendar times
o Do not use on with general clock or calendar times.
o Do not use at with calendar times
o Do not use at with most non-specific calendar times
PREPOSITIONS FOR PLACE:
• In is followed by noun phrases that show the meaning “inside” or “within” a place. The place can be small, specific, or general.
o What do you have in your hand?
o There is a wasp in the room.
• On is used to mean “on top of” or “on the surface of the place. It also refers to a location that is alongside the street.
o What’s the cat doing on the table?
o He lives on 79th Avenue, doesn’t he?
• At is used for exact addresses and general locations
o Her favorite flower shop is at 1423 Main Street.
o The conference will be at the hotel.
o He’s at the mall playing video games.
• Inside is used to indicate something contained
o Put the present inside the box.
• Over and above are used to describe an object higher than a point
o He threw the ball over the roof.
o Hang that picture above the couch.
• Under, underneath, beneath, and below are used to describe an object lower than a point.
o The rabbit burrowed under the ground.
o The child hid underneath the blanket.
o We relaxed in the shade beneath the branches.
o The valley is below sea-level.
• Near, by, next to, between, among, and opposite are used to describe an object being close to a point.
o She lives near the school.
o There is an ice cream shop by the store.
o An oak tree grows next to my house
o The house is between Elm Street and Maple Street
• Into and onto are used with verbs showing movement. They show both the direction and result of the movement.
o Bob dove into the lake
o He threw his keys onto the table.
• From and away are used to describe verbs that show movement with verbs that do not. From is also used with “non-movement” verbs to show origin or citizenship.
o Joe walked away from the store.
o Chris is from California.
• Some DO NOTS:
o Do not use in with exact addresses (addresses with house or building numbers)
o Do not use on with general locations that have boundaries
o Do not use at for addresses without house or building numbers.
o Do not use at for general locations that have boundaries.
PREPOSITIONS THAT INTRODUCE THE OBJECTS OF VERBS:
• At is used with verbs like glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, stare
o She took a quick glance at her reflection
o You didn’t laugh at his joke.
o Stop staring at me.
• Of is used with verbs like approve, consist, smell
o I don’t approve of his speech.
o He came home smelling of alcohol.
• Of (or about) is also used with verbs like dream, think.
o I dream of finishing college in four years.
o Can you think of a number between 1 and 10?
• For is used with verbs like call, hope, look, wait, watch, wish
o Did someone call for a taxi?
o I’m looking for my keys.
o If you wish for an A in this class, you must work hard.
PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION:
• To and toward are used with a verb to show movement. To usually shows the result of the movement. Toward shows the direction of the movement
o She walks to work every day.
o When I saw her, she was walking toward her office.
o We flew from New York to Paris.
• Onto and Into are compounds formed by adding to to in or to. Onto indicates movement toward a surface. Into indicates movement toward the interior of something. These compounds signify the completion of the action.
o The frog jumped onto the lilypad.
o She poured the milk into the glass.
• Onto can often be replaced by on. Some verbs will take either, and some will only take on.
o She jumped on(to) the mat.
o He fell on(to) the floor.
o The plane landed on the runway.
OTHER USES OF PREPOSITIONS:
• By can also be used when writing or talking about transportation. By + a singular count noun shows the manner of transportation: how someone or something moves from one place to another
o Heather goes to school by car.
o I plan to travel to Canada by plane.
o You can’t travel to an island by land.
• By is also used to show the method of doing something
o He paid for dinner by credit card.
o Do you normally pay your bills by check.
o Admission to the reception is by invitation only.
o Today, people like to keep in touch by email.
COMMON IDIOMS USING PREPOSITIONS
• Jump to it
• Cut to the chase
• Take something to heart
• Out of thin air
• Have a heart of gold
• A ray of sunshine
• Take something for granted
• Be a recipe for disaster
• Be in the market for something
Quiz 1: http://funeasyenglish.com/american-english-grammar-preposition.htm
Quiz 2: http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/preposition_quiz1.htm
Thursday, February 19, 2009
English Article Usage
English Article Usage
2 Types:
Definite (the): The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is particular or specific. The signals that the noun refers to something in particular.
Example: The dog ate the bone. (Refers to a specific dog).
• The is also used when a noun refers to something unique.
Example: The White House.
The theory of relativity.
The 2009 state budget.
• The is always used with noncount (mass) mouns.
Example: I swam in the water.
I drank the milk.
• The is used with count nouns that are specific.
Example: I stepped into the puddle (refering to a specific puddle).
Indefinite (a/an): A and an are used with indefinite nouns. These are nouns that are nonspecific and can refer to any member of that group. They are used with singular nouns with the noun is general. Some is used when the general noun is plural.
• A is used when the following noun begins with a consonant and an is used when the following noun begins with a vowel.
Example: A boy went to the fair today. (nonspecific, refers to any boy).
An apple fell from the tree. (nonspecific, refers to any apple).
Some kids rode their bikes down the street. (nonspecific, refers to any group of kids).
• A/an is also used to indicate membership in a profession, nation, or religion.
Example: I am a teacher.
My mother is a Catholic.
She is a Korean.
• A/an is used with count nouns that are nonspecific.
Example: I saw an apple tree.
Count versus noncount nouns: Which article you use also depends on the type of noun it preceeds.
• Count nouns are those that can be counted. (For example: 1 puddle, 2 puddles, 3 puddles, etc.).
• Noncount nouns (mass nouns) are those that cannot be counted. (for example: water, milk, sand, etc.).
Other Uses:
• A/an is used to introduce a noun when it is mentioned for the first time in a piece of writing. The is used afterward each time you mention that same noun.
Example: A football game is not normally that interesting to watch, but when it was announced that the president would attend, interest in the game went up.
When to NOT use articles:
The following nouns never take an article:
• Names of languages and nationalities (American, Chinese, English, Russian, etc.)
• Names of sports (volleyball, hockey, baseball, etc.)
• Names of academic subjects (math, biology, history, etc.)
2 Types:
Definite (the): The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is particular or specific. The signals that the noun refers to something in particular.
Example: The dog ate the bone. (Refers to a specific dog).
• The is also used when a noun refers to something unique.
Example: The White House.
The theory of relativity.
The 2009 state budget.
• The is always used with noncount (mass) mouns.
Example: I swam in the water.
I drank the milk.
• The is used with count nouns that are specific.
Example: I stepped into the puddle (refering to a specific puddle).
Indefinite (a/an): A and an are used with indefinite nouns. These are nouns that are nonspecific and can refer to any member of that group. They are used with singular nouns with the noun is general. Some is used when the general noun is plural.
• A is used when the following noun begins with a consonant and an is used when the following noun begins with a vowel.
Example: A boy went to the fair today. (nonspecific, refers to any boy).
An apple fell from the tree. (nonspecific, refers to any apple).
Some kids rode their bikes down the street. (nonspecific, refers to any group of kids).
• A/an is also used to indicate membership in a profession, nation, or religion.
Example: I am a teacher.
My mother is a Catholic.
She is a Korean.
• A/an is used with count nouns that are nonspecific.
Example: I saw an apple tree.
Count versus noncount nouns: Which article you use also depends on the type of noun it preceeds.
• Count nouns are those that can be counted. (For example: 1 puddle, 2 puddles, 3 puddles, etc.).
• Noncount nouns (mass nouns) are those that cannot be counted. (for example: water, milk, sand, etc.).
Other Uses:
• A/an is used to introduce a noun when it is mentioned for the first time in a piece of writing. The is used afterward each time you mention that same noun.
Example: A football game is not normally that interesting to watch, but when it was announced that the president would attend, interest in the game went up.
When to NOT use articles:
The following nouns never take an article:
• Names of languages and nationalities (American, Chinese, English, Russian, etc.)
• Names of sports (volleyball, hockey, baseball, etc.)
• Names of academic subjects (math, biology, history, etc.)
English Comma Usage
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_comma.html
Rules for using commas in English:
1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by a coordinating conjunction: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet.
Example: The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave.
Yesterday was her brother’s birthday, so she took him out to dinner.
2. Use commas after introductory clauses, phrases, or words that come before the main clause.
Common introductory clauses begin with: after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while
Examples: While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door.
Because her alarm clock was broken, she was late for class.
If you are ill, you should see a doctor.
When the snow stops falling, we’ll shovel the driveway.
Common introductory words that should be followed with a comma: well, yes, however
Example: Well, I guess I should study for the test.
Yes, the package should arrive tomorrow.
However, you may not be satisfied with the results.
3. Use commas to separate clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause.
Ask these questions to determine if the clause is essential:
• If you leave out the clause, phrase, or word, does the sentence still make sense?
• Does the clause, phrase, or word interrupt the flow of words in the original sentence?
• If you move the element to a different position in the sentence, does the sentence still make sense?
Examples:
That Tuesday, which happens to be my birthday, is the only day when I’m available to meet.
The service at this restaurant is great. The food, on the other hand, is terrible.
I appreciate your help. In this case, however, I think you helped too much.
4. Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series.
Example: At the store I bought eggs, bread, milk, chicken, and crackers.
When you have a list within a list, you use semicolons.
Example: At the store I bought eggs; bread, wheat, rye, and white; milk; chicken; and crakcers.
5. Use commas to separate two or more adjectives that describe the same noun.
As a test you can ask yourself these questions:
• Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are written in reverse order?
• Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are written with and between them?
Example:
He was a difficult, stubborn child.
Your cousin has a pretty, happy smile.
6. Use commas to separate contrastive elements in a sentence or to indicate a distinct pause or shift.
Example: He was only ignorant, not stupid.
You’re one of the senator’s close friends, aren’t you?
7. Use commas at the end of a sentence that refer back to the beginning or middle of the sentence. Such phrases can be placed anywhere in the sentence without causing confusion.
Example: Nancy waved enthusiastically at the docking ship, laughing joyously.
Laughing joyously, Lisa waved at Nancy.
Lisa waved at Nancy, who was laughing joyously.
8. Use commas to set off all geographical names, items in dates (except the month and day), addresses (except the street number and name), and titles in names.
Example: Davis, California
January 16, 2009
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington D.C.
Rachel B. Lake, MD.
9. Use commas with quotations.
Example: John said, “I’ll see you tomorrow.”
“I was able,” she answered, “to complete the assignment.”
In 1848, Marx wrote, “Workers of the world, unite!”
Rules for using commas in English:
1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by a coordinating conjunction: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet.
Example: The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave.
Yesterday was her brother’s birthday, so she took him out to dinner.
2. Use commas after introductory clauses, phrases, or words that come before the main clause.
Common introductory clauses begin with: after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while
Examples: While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door.
Because her alarm clock was broken, she was late for class.
If you are ill, you should see a doctor.
When the snow stops falling, we’ll shovel the driveway.
Common introductory words that should be followed with a comma: well, yes, however
Example: Well, I guess I should study for the test.
Yes, the package should arrive tomorrow.
However, you may not be satisfied with the results.
3. Use commas to separate clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause.
Ask these questions to determine if the clause is essential:
• If you leave out the clause, phrase, or word, does the sentence still make sense?
• Does the clause, phrase, or word interrupt the flow of words in the original sentence?
• If you move the element to a different position in the sentence, does the sentence still make sense?
Examples:
That Tuesday, which happens to be my birthday, is the only day when I’m available to meet.
The service at this restaurant is great. The food, on the other hand, is terrible.
I appreciate your help. In this case, however, I think you helped too much.
4. Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series.
Example: At the store I bought eggs, bread, milk, chicken, and crackers.
When you have a list within a list, you use semicolons.
Example: At the store I bought eggs; bread, wheat, rye, and white; milk; chicken; and crakcers.
5. Use commas to separate two or more adjectives that describe the same noun.
As a test you can ask yourself these questions:
• Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are written in reverse order?
• Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are written with and between them?
Example:
He was a difficult, stubborn child.
Your cousin has a pretty, happy smile.
6. Use commas to separate contrastive elements in a sentence or to indicate a distinct pause or shift.
Example: He was only ignorant, not stupid.
You’re one of the senator’s close friends, aren’t you?
7. Use commas at the end of a sentence that refer back to the beginning or middle of the sentence. Such phrases can be placed anywhere in the sentence without causing confusion.
Example: Nancy waved enthusiastically at the docking ship, laughing joyously.
Laughing joyously, Lisa waved at Nancy.
Lisa waved at Nancy, who was laughing joyously.
8. Use commas to set off all geographical names, items in dates (except the month and day), addresses (except the street number and name), and titles in names.
Example: Davis, California
January 16, 2009
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington D.C.
Rachel B. Lake, MD.
9. Use commas with quotations.
Example: John said, “I’ll see you tomorrow.”
“I was able,” she answered, “to complete the assignment.”
In 1848, Marx wrote, “Workers of the world, unite!”
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